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Automotive Engineers Working to Improve the Way We Drive and Live
Today’s automotive engineers are focusing their attention on improving the way we drive — and the way we live. Some automotive improvements make life easier to navigate, like GPS systems with visual and voice-guided turn-by-turn directions. Other innovations help protect vehicle occupants and save lives, such as “active safety” technologies, which warn drivers so they can take action to avoid an accident. Of course, yet another focus of automotive engineers, garnering much attention today, is improved fuel efficiency. Green vehicles are catching the attention of consumers rapidly. To meet this demand, nearly every automaker in the world is expanding with clean, fuel-efficient models in their lineup.
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The Cutting Edge Technology of the Next Generation
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Building a Collaboration Bridge in Architecture, Engineering and Construction
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Civil Construction And Engineering
Civil engineering is a concept that deals with the design, construction and maintenance of the physical and naturally built environment. The act of civil construction and engineering includes bridges, roads, canals, airports, dams and buildings. These are merely just a few examples of what civil construction and engineering is about.
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Environmental Due Diligence By ESA
Doing Environmental Due Diligence is a win-win situation for our environment and for the property owner. That’s why in United States the government is highly recommending every site property to undergo ESA before anything else. It must be the responsibility of the property owner to do this. They need to remember that money isn’t everything and that they need to think of their site’s health and what would be its effect to the environment if they let it be contaminated. So what is ESA?
Submersible pump
Working principle
ESP systems are effective for pumping produced fluids to surface.
A system of mechanical seals are used to prevent the fluid being pumped from entering the motor and causing a short circuit. The pump can either be connected to a pipe, flexible hose or lowered down guide rails or wires so that the pump sits on a “ducks foot” coupling, thereby connecting it to the delivery pipework.
Applications
Submersible pumps are found in many applications. Single stage pumps are used for drainage, sewage pumping, general industrial pumping and slurry pumping. They are also popular with aquarium filters. Multiple stage submersible pumps are typically lowered down a borehole and used for water abstraction or in water wells.
Special attention to the type of ESP is required when using certain types of liquids. ESP’s commonly used on board naval vessels cannot be used to dewater contaminated flooded spaces. These use a 440 volt A/C motor that operates a small centrifugal pump. It can also be used out of the water, taking suction with a 2-1/2 inch non-collapsible hose. The pumped liquid is circulated around the motor for cooling purposes. There is a possibility that the gasoline will leak into the pump causing a fire or destroying the pump, so hot water and flammable liquids should be avoided.
ESP usage in oil wells
Submersible pumps are used in oil production to provide a relatively efficient form of “artificial lift”, able to operate across a broad range of flow rates and depths. By decreasing the pressure at the bottom of the well (by lowering bottomhole flowing pressure, or increasing drawdown), significantly more oil can be produced from the well when compared with natural production.[citation needed] The pumps are typically electrically powered and referred to as Electrical Submersible Pumps (ESP).[citation needed]
ESP systems consist of both surface components (housed in the production facility, for example an oil platform) and sub-surface components (found in the well hole). Surface components include the motor controller (often a variable speed controller), surface cables and transformers. Subsurface components typically include the pump, motor, seal and cables. A gas separator is sometimes installed.
The pump itself is a multi-stage unit with the number of stages being determined by the operating requirements. Each stage consists of a driven impeller and a diffuser which directs flow to the next stage of the pump. Pumps come in diameters from 90mm (3.5 inches) to 254mm (10 inches) and vary between 1 metre (3 ft) and 8.7 metres (29 ft) in length. The motor used to drive the pump is typically a three phase, squirrel cage induction motor, with a nameplate power rating in the range 7.5 kW to 560 kW (at 60 Hz).
New varieties of ESP can include a water/oil separator which permits the water to be reinjected into the reservoir without the need to lift it to the surface. Major brands are Schlumberger’s Reda, Woodgroup’s ESP, Weatherford BORETS and Baker Hughes’ Centrilift. Until recently, ESPs had been highly costly to install due to the requirement of an electric cable downhole. This cable had to be wrapped around jointed tubing and connected at each joint. New coiled tubing umbilicals allow for both the piping and electric cable to deployed with a single conventional coiled tubing unit.
The ESP system consists of a number of components that turn a staged series of centrifugal pumps to increase the pressure of the well fluid and push it to the surface. The energy to turn the pump comes from a high-voltage (3 to 5 kV) alternating-current source to drive a special motor that can work at high temperatures of up to 300 F (149 C) and high pressures of up to 5,000 psi (34 MPa), from deep wells of up to 12,000 feet (3.7 km) deep with high energy requirements of up to about 1000 horsepower (750 kW). ESPs have dramatically lower efficiencies with significant fractions of gas, greater than about 10% volume at the pump intake. Given their high rotational speed of up to 4000 rpm (67 Hz) and tight clearances, they are not very tolerant of solids such as sand.
See also
Oil well
Centrifugal pump
Eductor-jet pump
Sewage pumping
References
^ a b c Lyons (ed), Standard Handbook of Petroleum & Natural Gas Engineering”, p. 662
^ Other forms of artificial lift include Gas Lift, Beam Pumping, Plunger Lift and Progressive cavity pump.
Lyons, William C., ed (1996). Standard Handbook of Petroleum & Natural Gas Engineering. 2 (6 ed.). Gulf Professional Publishing. ISBN 0884156435.
External links
Water well pump article
ESP Artificial Lift Professional Community Knowledge Base
Submerged Pump system is employs is deferential strategies so well, combining two kind of pump in same machine
Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Submersible pumps
v d e
Petroleum industry
Exploration
Petroleum engineering (Reservoir simulation Seismic to simulation) Petroleum geology Geophysics Seismic (Seismic inversion) Petrophysics Core sampling
Drilling
Drilling engineering Underbalanced drilling Directional drilling (Measurement while drilling Geosteering) Drilling fluid Drill Stem Test
Development
Completion (Squeeze job) Well logging Pipeline transport Tracers
Production
Artificial lift (Pumpjack ESP Gas lift) EOR (Steam injection Gas reinjection) Water injection Well intervention Upstream Midstream Downstream Refining
Technical challenges
Differential sticking Drilling fluid invasion Blowouts Lost circulation
Oil and gas agreements
Production sharing agreements Concessions Service Agreements Risk agreements
Data by country
Total energy (consumption per capita intensity) Natural gas (consumption production reserves imports exports) Petroleum (consumption production reserves imports exports)
Supermajors
ExxonMobil Royal Dutch Shell BP Chevron Corporation ConocoPhillips Total S.A. (See also: National oil companies)
Major oil provinces
North Sea East Texas Persian Gulf Athabasca oil sands Gulf of Mexico Venezuela Niger Delta Russia
Related articles
OPEC History of petroleum Peak oil Oil price increases since 2003 Price of petroleum Society of Petroleum Engineers
Categories: Pumps | Irrigation | Oil wellsHidden categories: All articles with unsourced statements | Articles with unsourced statements from November 2009
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